Picture and sound presentation systems



June 14, 1960 J. E. VOLKMANN PICTURE AND SOUND PRESENTATION SYSTEMS Filed Feb. 4, 1954 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Arrannzy June 14, 1960 J VOLKMANN 2,940,356

PICTURE AND SOUND PRESENTATION SYSTEMS Filed Feb. 4, 1954 Bad;

3 Sheets-Sheet 2 c/alzn f1 Vol/Wail??? WACW Arrgnnzy' June 14, 1960 J. E. VOLKMANN ,9

\ PICTURE AND SOUND PRESENTATION SYSTEMS Filed Feb 4 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR. cfizfilzfi llkmrzzm PICTURE AND SOUND PRESENTATION SYSTEMS John E. Volkmann, Haddon Heights, NJ., assignor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Filed Feb. 4, 1954, Ser. No. 408,139

2 Claims. (Cl. 88-163) This invention relates to picture projection and sound reproducing systems for providing panoramic and stereoscopic picture presentations and directional and stereophonic sound presentations and various combinations thereof.

At the present time, motion pictures are being presented in several different forms. There is the type using curved screens and peripheral vision having either a single projector with an anamorphosing lens or multiple projectors. Another type of picture presentation is third dimensional, using two images which are separated for observation by polarization of the light from the projectors and to the observers eyes, the latter system also using directional or stereophonic sound systems. The first or peripheral vision system may be said to enhance the illusion of spatial width, while the second or stereoscopic system may be said to enhance the illusion of spatial depth. The

combination of these two systems may be said to enhance both the spatial width and depth and may be referred to as panoramic steroscopic, wideangle stereoscopic, or stereo-panoramic systems.

The principal feature of the first type of system is a new aspect ratio. The standard practice is to have the picture based on an aspect ratio of four to three-that is, the width of the picture being related to its height by a ratio of four to three, or of 1.33 to one, generally referred toas 1.33. It has been found that, by increasing the width with respect to the height to ratios between approximately. 1.5 to. 2.5, a more initimate and realistic picture presentation may be obtained. To some extent, this may be accomplished by a synchronized light surround, which is simply a light reflecting border for the picture screen which is tilted toward the audience. Light from the picture screen is reflected to the surround and to the audience and varies with the brightness of the picture screen. This has the appearance of increasing the side of the screen and enhancing the presentation of the picture. It is .also possible to have a greater aspect ratio than four .to three together with a light surround. Furthermore, the screen may be curved to give it a panoramic effect-in combination with the light surround.

It might be further stated that the increased scope of a picture, due to the use of peripheral or wide angle vision and of panoramic viewing, gives a feeling of action to the audience and the feeling of audience participation in the picture. The sense of depth or solidity, which comes with third dimensional or stereoscopy presentations, is a necessary element in the illusion of reality. The illusion of spatial width and depth is enhanced by the use of stereophonic or third dimensional sound, which corresponds with the stereoscopic picture presentation. The audience is also given a sense of spatial illusion from a panoramic production of sounds which completely surrounds the audience.

To permit a film to be used in all theaters, some of which have possibly only one projector, others only two,

and others three or more projectors, a picture photographing and projecting system have been provided which will permit one print to provide either panoramic United States Patent or third dimensional presentations of the picture, or a combination of both. In combination with such systems, multiple sound tracks may be used on a single print, which sound tracks may be of a type which are suitable for two-dimensional pictures in a single projector theater as well as for stereoscopic and stereophonic presentation in the larger theaters. The various combinations will be described after the film and sound systems are described.

The principal object of the invention, therefore, is to facilitate the obtaining of wide screen and third dimensional picture presentations with directional and spatial sound.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved photographing and projecting system for pictures and a spatial sound system therefor.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved system for the presentation of pictures in increased aspect ratios and directional sound therefors I A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved system for picture presentation which may project either two-dimensional panoramic pictures, or threedimensional panoramic pictures with single channel or multiple channel sound systems.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a system which gives adequate spatial picture and spatial sound efiects with the minimum of equipment and changes in production, distribution, and exhibition of the pictures.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a system which permits the maximum spatial reproduction by not only separating or localizing the original sources, but by separating the nearby reflections and multiple reflections from the original sources.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a system which eliminates unsteadiness of the picture images, non-uniform lighting of the images, and prevents any out-of-synchronism condition found in certain multiple film systems for both picture and sound.

Although the novel features which are believed to be characteristic of this invention will be pointed out with particularity in the appended claims, the manner of'its organization and the mode of its operation will be better understood by referring to the following description, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, forming a part hereof, in which:

Fig. 1 is an elevational view of a flat screen having a light surround. a

Fig. 2 is an elevational view of a curved screen having a light surround.

Fig. 3 is a partial view of a combination sound film used in the invention.

Fig. 4 is a single line diagrammatic view of one modification of the sound system.

Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view of the optical system for a camera for photographing stereoscopic pictures used in the invention.

Fig. 6 is a side view of the system of Fig. 5.

Fig. 7 is an end-view of the system of Fig. 5.

Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic view of a projection system used in the invention.

Fig. 9 is a single line view of a single channel sound system.

Fig. 10 is a single line drawing of a multi-channel directional or stereophonic sound system, and

Fig. 11 is a single line drawing of a multiple channel sound system with an inter-switching system.

Referring now to the drawings, Fig. 1 shows a flat screen 5 which may be metalized for the purpose of presenting polarized stereoscopic pictures thereon, and which is provided with a light surround having end portions 6 and upper and lower portions 7 and 8, respectively. The sections 6, 7 and 8 are at an angle with the outer picture and that light from the screen '5 may be reflected therefrom to the audience. The outer edges of sections 7 and 8 are curved o n c isle a bet e truc ure an a earmm h een me-ther a as e t etie an in from approximately 1.5 to 2.5 to provide panoramic or wt si win n .F s 2e r d een 19 shsw ih s l h surround with side sections 11 and upper and lower sections 12 and "13, respectively. The surround sections 11, B2, and 13 may be similar to sections 6, 7, and h in Fig l, or of the form shown in Fig. 2, while the screen may be curved, metalized, and have an aspect ratio greater than 1:33.

Referring now to Fig. 3, a standard motion picture -film section 15 is shown having rows of sprocket holes 16 and 17. The film, however, in stead of having one picture inrthe'normal'picturearea, which includes four sprocket holes, "has two pictures in this area. That is. for thirtyfive millimeter film, the usual single image for ench;-frame is about 715.25 millimeters by 20.95'millimeters, and this area is now provided with two picture images approximately 9;.2-5 millimeters by 20.95 rnillimeter-gas shown at 18 and 19. This gives a projection imagehaving an aspect ratio somewhathigher than- 2.0, "For" other width films, and in accordance with the num *ber of sound tracksthereon, these si-zeswould vary proportionally. As shown on thedrawing,each-ofi'the -image {areas is marked K and --L These letters indicate that -t he'* R images are photographed -.to provide -pic= tures'for'the right eye, and the L images are photographed to'provide pictures for the'l eft eye.

The optical system for photographing the pictures is shown in "figs. 5, 6, and"? This system uses a lefthand photographing lens -20 and a right-hand photographing lens 21. The images received on unit 20 are transmitted through a prism or "mirror unit '23, which translates the images downwardly while the prism or mirror unit 2-4 translates the images from lens 21-up- -wardly. Then, by converging prisms or mirror units 25 and-2 6, the images are {aligned in a'vertical direction and then projected onthe film by the unit 28. Theposition of the images in a horizontal plane is shown in Fig. 7. Asystem using two-synchronized cameras could be u-sed--to-provide thetwo images-with the proper sized apertures, the two negatives then being printed "to -a single film.

Referring now to Fig.8, -the projection of the right and left-hand images 18 and 19 isshown. Theimages .rare divided bya beam splitting-mirrororprism 3 1, the right-hand image then being reflected by -mirror 32 to tprojection -lens 33. The left-hand image is reflected by a mirror 35 to a projection lens 36, the images then being overlapped or superimposed on the screen 68. Thus, 'from a single film 1 5, stereoscopic orthree-dimensional pictures may he presented when each image is properly light polarized. Furthermore, Wide angle or panoramic-pictures 'may he presented from this same single "film togethenwith various combinations of panoramic and stereoscopic pictures. The projectionmay also be provided-by-twoseparate synchronized projectors which maybe desir able when a theater provided with -such projectors. *In this instance, two duplicate prints would be required for use in the two-projectors. l-Iowever, the use -of-two separate projectors can introduce a certain unsteadiness or lack of synchronism of the images.

7 The fi1m of'Figx-3 may also he used for -a two-dimensional picture in a single projector' by projecting alternate right or left views in the normal manner of projectionwith a projection aperture of-thesize of one irnhge. "The images canybe projected on a screenwith 'the proper aspect ratio for wide scope viewing in small theater s, which-,can-be enhanced by the use of alight surround. It' is also possible tohave two films of the .4 type shown in Fig. 3, which would provide the large aspect ratio with increased light on the screen. "Such a system would be desirable for large indoor and drivein theaters. If the pictures 18 and 19 were exact duplicates obtained by printing or otherwise, they could be projected by the system shown 'n Fig. 8 with the images in registration 9.1? a .d aul z sw me hanism. "If thepicture images are coii cutive, then they can sh? he emirates by d e t ts r ipwnmssher nism. The adygntages .oh y t-h type et a jection are an increase in light on the screen with the minimum o li flicker.

Referring again to Fig. 3, it will be noted that two sound tracks A and B are provigledin the normal sound track area of film. These sound tracks are independent of one another and of the usual photographic type al h e u d be tw magne i t: .C 2 2 1 2 a 3 of the types shown in Burrill LLS. Rat nt's 2,270 or 2,270L261 of January 20, 1942, although dad' senso tti B for reverberant or indirect sop d pickup. Track s'C nd P may thsah nss a w} bha s iifim y tem M t s s r sksa td t 'r d .1 .9 mus AnQ h .PQ FbiPF FiQI i to stpls g e .A' .fs di ec p sh Pi p. Isaa ;B fo dire t .tnt sic j sp h en ra t a k .E for syn s i r fist ti t lq 'clspeaker switching. 'Track'A may also he .use r direct p h Pi kup as music .s l ss .B to ters 'n m s v f cqfls Certain types of sound systems for using the tracks n th fil asse sors it s t 4 1 ew I fi ures will nowibe referrd toYThe systemsholwn in cedniay he,"fadiustedprimar ly for" best rep distribution of voiceand'is centrally lldca ted behind a screen 43 Music' aaaeaeca raek B' 'is detected an photocell 45 -fee ding'an amplifier 46 the'biitput of which is connected to a switch 44 and reverberatorfillwhich is connected to switch 44. The t of s'witch Q4 feeds speakers -47 ail (1 48 which may'tesd' ustea primarily for -best reproduction and distribution of {magic and eifects and are locat ediatjthe side's" :of the scre'e'iif llt.

Control track;E is detected-by cell -55 feeding'lamplifier 60 connected to switch 44." -Thi1s,-by'i1sin'g oriIyTtlie tracks A and -B, a ,wide dispersion of "the sound iiiay be obtained, track A preferably'con'taining the dialdgue at highlevel and the music and sound" effects at aildw level. The track :13 will then co'nt'ainthe niusic and sound effects atl'high-level aiid the-dialogue at;-low-level. Of course, the difierentials in level will':-depend on the character of the soundsources and their environment.

For instance, for outdoor dialogue, thesoundshould emanate only from the 'center orsingle sourcespeak'er. Furthermore, when a large orchestra only is-being pre sented or sound efiects at high volume',- both tracks'jrhay ma a hi h .l vs signal fa he wa H t ss r sstni q tme i h sss r a s ts h cally, then the solo voices andinstruments shouldfprefrand reverberator 49, the music and sound effects may or may not be reverberated to enhance the presentation thereof.

In Fig. 9, a single channel system is shown, wherein only tracks A and B are used, these tracks being simultaneously scanned and projected by a single lens 50 to a photocell 51 feeding an amplifier 52 connected to a single speaker 53 centrally located behind a screen 54. By scanning both tracks, all the dialogue, music, and sound effects are mixed and provided for theaters with only a single sound channel. If the tracks A and B are magnetic tracks, a single magnetic reproducing head will detect both tracks. To obtain definite directional or stereophonic effects, the system shown in Fig. may be used. In this system, the dialogue track A with its low level sound effects is detected by the photocell 80 which feeds an amplifier 81 connected to a speaker 82 centrally located behind a screen 83. Magnetic track C is detected by magnetic head 85 feeding an amplifier 86 and connected to speaker 87 to the left of screen 83. Magnetic track 89 feeds an amplifier 90 connected to a speaker 91 to the right of screen 83. In this type of system, the magnetic tracks C and D primarily will contain stereophonically the music and sound effects and also the dialogue which will have high levels when the source of sound is depicted at the sides of the screen. In this manner, the sources of sound can be localized or made to travel across the screen. The tracks C and D may also contain the music and sound effects in the same manner as track B in Fig. 4. Alternatively, track A may be magnetic in which case a three-channel magnetic stereophonic system could be used.

To obtain panoramic, directional, and stereophonic sound effects, the system shown in Fig. 11 may be used. In this system, dialogue track A is amplified in amplifier 56 and fed to switch 57. The music and sound effects track B is also fed to switch 57 through amplifier 58. The control track E is fed to the switch 57 over amplifier 59. The two magnetic tracks C and D are fed to the switch 57 over respective amplifiers 61 and 62. In this modification, a plurality of speakers behind a curved screen 63 is provided, such as speakers 64, 65, 66, 67 and 68. There is also provided left-hand side speakers 70, 71 and 72 with a rear speaker 73. On the righthand side of the auditorium, speakers 74, 75, and 76 are used with a rear speaker 77. With such a multiple speaker system, it is particularly adaptable for presenting a Cinerama type of picture presentation, utilizing the principle of peripheral vision. The control track may be used to switch the dialogue and music and sound effects among the speakers to follow the source of sound being depicted on the screen 63 and provide special sound effects required by the scene being viewed. The system, therefore, provides peripheral vision with spatial width and stereoscopic pictures with spatial depth or a combination of both, together with directional and stereophonic sound effects.

Other sound systems for using difierent combinations of tracks are disclosed and claimed in my co-pending U.S. application, Ser. No. 425,103, filed April 23, 1954.

The above system is thus sufficiently flexible to permit projection in theaters having a single operating projector and a single sound channel. It may also be used to obtain peripheral vision presentation, together with wide sound distribution. It may also be used to obtain third dimensional picture presentation from a single film with any desired type of sound presentation. Furthermore, the system may be used to present third dimensional pictures on a curved screen to combine the peripheral vision presentation with stereoscopic pictures.

Also, the above-described systems provide a single film system which is compatible with existing projector systems, ofiers enhanced illusion of realism by the combination of both spatial width and spatial depth in both picture and sound presentations, is free from the objections of jitters and other defects found in the use of dual cameras, dual projectors, such as used for threedimensional systems, permits flexibility in presentation of two-dimensional, three-dimensional, single, or multiple channel stereoscopic or synthetic room acoustic effects, and single source or multiple source reproduction. The concepts of dual track recording shown in Fig. 4 also have valuable applications for recording sound on films of various widths and for other purposes.

It is to be understood that special effects can be added in any channel, particularly reverberation for music, such reverberation units in different sound systems being shown in my above-mentioned co-pending application. Any of the sound systems in this co-pending application can be used with the different forms of picture presentation shown in this application.

What is claimed is:

1. A sound motion picture presentation system in which a projector projects pictures on a film to a screen, said film having a plurality of picture images and a plurality of sound tracks thereon, adjacent pairs of images longitudinally of the film being of the same scene from different angles, comprising a projector including means adapted to advance fihn in said projector, a projection screen on which the images of said pictures are projected, an optical system between said film and said screen for simultaneously projecting each of said pairs of adjacent images from said film to said screen in superimposed relationship, a plurality of means for reproducing the signals on said plurality of sound tracks on said film at different positions behind said screen, said last-mentioned means utilizing a pair of said tracks adjacent one another, one of said pair of tracks containing dialogue to be reproduced at a central position behind said screen and the other of said pair of tracks containing music and sound effects to be reproduced at positions at the sides of said screen, said pair of adjacent tracks being also adapted for simultaneous reproduction in a single channel sound reproducing system employing a single sound scanning means for simultaneously scanning both said adjacent tracks and also a single loud-speaker associated with said single scanning means.

2. A motion picture presentation system in accordance with claim 1 in which said pair of tracks adjacent one another are photographic tracks positioned in the normal sound track area of said film, a third track being a control track for controlling sound reproduction at the sides of said screen.

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